基因、经验，及什么使我们成为人-I
这是一本非常毁三观的书！粗读一遍之后细细品读，书里的各种事实和观点，真有点天雷滚滚的感觉，颠覆了很多我们固有的作为常识和认识的东西。这本书的完整英文名是：“Nature Via Nurture—Genes, Experience and What Makes Us Human”，英国科普作家马特•里德利（Matt Ridley）从达尔文的进化论和人类基因组说起，到基因如何建造人体和大脑，并吸收经验形成人类的文化和我们的自由意志，说明基因和环境是如何互相影响和依存，先天经由后天，两位一体的进化。基因不仅是人体建造的原料，同时也是建造的程序和建造者。基因比我们想象中的作用更大，是它允许人们去学习、记忆、模仿，去吸收文化和表达本能，基因让人拥有经验，也对经验作出反应。我们的大脑里没有“我”，只有一组组不断改变的大脑状态，只有我们的生活史，我们的情感、本能、经验和其他人对我们的影响，这些东西组合起来，就是我们自己认为的“我”！
这本书从达尔文在1838年参观伦敦动物园说起，那只叫詹妮的猿猴，引起了英国人议论纷纷的问题：这是一个像人的动物，还是一个像动物的人，如何区别人和动物，这是很多问题的起点。英国人的这种思考挺有意思，如果在中国发生这样的事情，估计没有几个人会去严格的思考人与猿猴的区别问题，更多的是看稀奇。对猿猴和这些动物的研究，发现我们人类和这些动物的行为有种种的相似性，我们和动物的差别只是一种程度差别，而不是类型差别，仅仅是量的差别，没有质的区别。我们比猴子更会思考，更会交流，更会梦想，更会笑，更会哭，这样让我们是人，而它们是猴子。这里面让人天雷滚滚的是对大猩猩和黑猩猩的研究，大猩猩的生活习性是吃草的，主要吃水果或者植物什么的，这导致了大猩猩的体型演化成大型的，固定群居的多偶制交配习性，雄性比雌性体型大很多；黑猩猩则是吃肉的，一个地方不能满足温饱，因此迁徙性较强，体型较小，并演化出了共享雌性的生活习性和群体。更好玩的地方是，因为大猩猩的多偶制方式，所以大猩猩占有雌性并延续基因的方式是外在，打赢了别的雄性就行了；而黑猩猩就不同，没有一个黑猩猩能独占雌性，因此能够在基因传承上占优势就只能在内在上竞争，那些经常射精并射精量很大的黑猩猩，才会成为优胜者拥有更多的后代，因此黑猩猩的小鸡鸡就异常的大。黑猩猩获取基因传承的最好的地方，就到了床上，而不是比谁的拳头大。这两种族群都和人类是近亲，人类有99%的DNA和黑猩猩的相同，在若干万年前，他们和人类是同一个祖先，这些基因肯定也映照在人类的基因里面。影射到人类社会，是不是也有类似的情况，睾丸大的族群，女人更不忠诚，因此需要在这个上面来竞争？这是个非常有趣的问题。是不是觉得这个事儿很熟悉？对吧，中国人就是吃稻谷的，欧洲人就是吃肉的，简单的来看的话，这么说未尝不可，关于大猩猩和黑猩猩的生活习性差别是不是也跟中国社会和欧洲社会有点像？中国自古以来就是一夫多妻或者一夫一妻多妾更合适，欧洲人古代就比较乱，看看罗马帝国艳情史就能领会了，没看过？呃，世界十大禁播电影啊，嘎嘎！从占体重的比例来看，人类的睾丸比大猩猩的大差不多五倍，是黑猩猩的三分之一。这与我们人类整体有着一定程度的女性不忠行为的单配偶制族群是相配的。
更好玩的一个数据是，1984年，科学家们分析人类和黑猩猩以及大猩猩的基因DNA组，发现黑猩猩和人类的相似度，大于黑猩猩和大猩猩的相似度，呃，如果把黑猩猩和大猩猩都看作是猴子的话，我们人类怎么算？在不超过500万年以前，我们人类和黑猩猩共享一个祖先！上个世纪九十年代的时候，一个叫阿基特瓦尔基的人发现，人类对一种特殊的糖过敏，这种叫Gc的唾液酸我们人类是不能忍受的，但黑猩猩和其它猿猴有这种唾液酸也不过敏，这是我们和猿猴之间真正的一个普遍的区别。这个瓦尔基太过分了，居然说我们人类和猿猴之间的区别，就是一个微不足道的糖分子上的一个原子。
基因真是一种神奇的机制，从科学的分析结果来看，人类的基因里面包含了许多动物的基因，一直从上古生物延续到现在，只是在其中基因发生了一些变化，或者是启动子或者是转录因子这些基因的机制发生了改变，然后基因记住了这些改变，在后代里面体现，这样不断的延续，发展出了现在这么丰富的生命和物种、族群。因为你所经历的事情，受到了一个教育，迟到一种食物，跟人打了一架，这时候你的基因突然开启或者关闭了什么，这些都会被基因记录下来，成为一种基因的传承。你经历的所有一切，都有可能通过基因的方式来表达。因此你的性格，你的习惯，你的长相，都可能会被遗传下去。你近视了，你儿子也近视了，很有可能你的后代都会遗传下这个基因的记忆。如果从这个层面来看，那是不是可以说年轻的时候生育的后代很可能不如成熟年纪或者稍大些年纪的时候生育的后代遗传的东西更好？不知道有人作过这样的统计没有，40岁50岁时候生育的后代比20岁30岁的是偶生育的后代更能干？历史上草原上的帝王和家族传承都以幼子来传承自己的基业，是不是和这种自然选择有关系？中国皇帝一代不如一代，是不是因为继承位置的都是20岁之前生育的后代有关？这是一个大课题啊，不知道有没有无聊的人来作这个研究。
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