成都袍哥
作者：杜宇
一
1644年，清军入关，清朝取代了[明代]政权以后，对于汉族采取武力镇压手段，引起了民间“反清复明”的起义斗争，打出“驱除鞑虏、反清复明”的旗号，各省各地的组织名称，五花八门，其中规模最大的要算“天地会”后来天地会中，又分出一股叫“哥老会”，道光、同治两朝以后，哥老会逐渐流入四川，四川便通称为“袍哥PaoGe”。
对“袍哥”这个名称，说法不一：读书人说，是根据《诗经》上“岂日无衣，与子同袍”的含义来的，这是读书人好拉远古，不足为据；袍哥们自己说是根据《三国演义》来说：关二爷被逼降曹后，曹操奖予很多金银财帛，他一概不收，只收了一件锦袍，平时很少穿着，有事穿上，却要把旧袍罩在外面，曹操问他原因，关二爷说：“旧袍是我大哥玄德赐的，受了丞相的新袍，不敢忘我大哥的旧袍”。因此，这个袍哥组织，老名称又叫“汉留”，含义就是从汉朝遗留下来的精神气节，源远流长地传到明末清初，明末清初的文学志士顾炎武、王船山、曾耀祖等人，暗中联合志同道合的汉族人，搞民间秘密组织，以反清复明为号召，这种民间组织，一直深入社会下层，蕴藏着潜在力量。故世俗有云：‘你穿红来我穿红，大家服色一般同，你穿黑来我穿黑，咱们都是一个色。’即此义也”（《汉留全史》第36页）。
看来袍哥组织，起泊于明末清初，发展于清朝末年，泛滥于[民国]时代，是比较实际可靠的。
二
[清末]辛亥革命前夕，四川在孙中山“同盟会”策划下，爆发了“保路运动”，全省各地，纷纷组织保路“同志会”，进而发展为反清武装力量──“同志军”，实质上是利用各地袍哥组织作骨干，导引农民推翻清朝政权。《中国近代史资料丛刊》上叙述辛亥革命前夕，同盟会在全国各地和会党联系日益密切，孙中山早在日本招纳熊克武、但懋辛、余英、张石祥等人面授权宜，熊等也认为四川袍哥势力强大，散布地区也宽，同盟会领导各地袍哥势力，搞推翻满清的革命工作，非常有利。余英和孙中山接谈以后，大见器重，状委他为“西南大都督”并派熊克武、谢奉琦等一同回川共策进行。
大量的下层群众蜂涌参加袍哥组织以后，又渐渐影响士绅富户的相互效尤，借此保家，这样一来，到1911年时，四川的袍哥组织，更深入各州府、县的城镇乡村，到处都在“开山、立堂”，当时民间流行两句口语：“明末无白丁，[清末]无倥子”。（未参加袍哥组织的人叫倥子）
同盟会在全川各地煽动保路运动，发动大规模起义，就是以农民为主，利用袍哥组织为先导。成都附近县份中，搞得最出色的有广汉的侯橘园、侯国治，新津的侯宝斋，温江区的吴庆照（吴二大王），崇庆的孙泽沛，灌县的张捷先等人，都是以袍哥舵把子身份，作同志军首领，带兵围攻成都，号称十余万众。声势浩大，战火蔓延全川各县，加速了清政权的彻底崩溃。成都光复后，由于都督蒲殿俊缺乏创业执政本领，被赵尔丰乘机制造“兵变”，希图复辟。地方另推尹昌衡作都督，尹的为人，好大喜功，掌握政权以后，由于缺乏政治认识和领导才能，错误地认为袍哥力量弥漫全社会，抓着袍哥力量，就可以稳定政权，因此还闹了不少笑话。
三
1911年10月，随着武昌起义成功，“大汉四川军政府”宣告成立，据王右瑜在《大汉四川军政府成立前后见闻》上记载：“尹昌衡高居大汉四川军政府都督后，公开提倡哥老会组织，在都督府大门上，挂出一个‘大汉公’的招牌来，自封为大汉公的“舵把子”，在他登台的接连几天内，天天都要到成都各街的‘公口、码头’拜客，各公口码头也都为他挂红敬酒，他每出一次，必披一身红绸或红布回来。堆在床上之后，便又去拜客，如是往返拜客披红，以致使都督府急待处理的公事，也找不到人划行。周骏就任军政府军政部长后，在军政部门口也挂出一个‘大陆公’的招牌来……，这时全城公口林立，并出现不少奇装异服，背刀挂彩，头上挽个‘英雄髻’，足穿泡花草鞋人物，都是照戏台上打扮的，各地袍哥组织，也纷纷响应成都。就在这段时间，滇、黔、湘等三省军政府，曾联名通电诋斥成都军政府为‘袍哥政府’，表示不予承认。尹昌衡见到外面风声不好，便下令取缔哥老会，于是成都市上二百多个公口招牌，一律都收拾起来了，但是表面上收了招牌，实际上暗地里仍然在继续发展”。
四
成都地区的袍哥组织，其形式与全省其他县市相类似，是横行组织，即所谓“兄弟道”，以五伦（君臣、父子、兄弟、夫妇、朋友）、八德（孝、弟、忠、信、礼、义、廉、耻）为信条。联络的聚点，最初叫“山头”、“香堂”，随着参加的会众日益增多，才由山头、香堂改为“码头”（又叫“公口”、“社”）码头要分五个堂口：“仁、义、礼、智、信”（又称威、德、福、智、宣）”。五个堂口是五类性质的人参加：仁字是旧社会有面子、有地位的人物，义字旗是有钱的绅士商家，礼字旗是小手工业劳动无产者。有几句概括特征的口头语：“仁字讲顶子，义字讲银子，礼字讲刀子”。其他地区也有类似的口头语：“仁字旗士庶绅商，义字旗贾卖客商，礼字旗耍枪”。至于智、信两堂的人，都是旧社会中“最低级”的体力劳动者，不过其组织办法中，有些莫名其妙的规定。如旧社会被认为操下等职业的娼妓、烧水烟、修足匠、搽背、理发、男艺人演女角等类人，都规定不能参加袍哥，还有搞盗窃的，妻子乱搞男女关系的，母亲再嫁的，也都遭到鄙视，不能参加袍哥。但是抢劫财货的土匪流氓，却又可以参加（他们自圆其说是“抢劫对象是贪官污吏，那些是浑水袍哥干的”）。
每一个公口（堂口）的组成份子为十排：头排首脑人物称为“大爷”（又叫“舵把子”，如行船掌舵之人）。大爷中除了“龙头大爷”或“坐堂大爷”之外，还有专司赏罚的“执法大爷”，另处还有些不管事的“闲大爷”。二排是一个人，称为“圣贤二爷”，这是大家推举出来的人正直，重义守信的人，隐誉为桃园结义的“关圣人”，但这个人一般在码头上不起作用的老好人（“圣贤”与“剩闲”谐音）。三排中有一位“当家三爷”，专管内部人事和财务收支，尤其在开香堂时，负责安排规划各类事务，这是一个全码头的重心人物。五排称“管事五爷”，分“内管事”、“红旗管事”、“帮办管事”、“闲管事”。“内管事”即“黑旗管事”，必须熟悉袍哥中的规模礼节、江湖术语，办会时，由他掌管礼仪，唱名排坐，和传达舵把子的吩咐。“红旗管事”专管外交，负责接待三山五岳，南北哥弟，在联络交往中，要做到来有接，去有送，任务相当复杂。袍哥中有两句流行口语：“内事不明问当家，外事不明问管事”。五排以下，还有六排的“巡风六爷”，在办会期间或开设“香堂”时，他便专司放哨巡风，侦查官府动静，负通风报信的专责，八排九排的人，平时专给码头上各位拜兄跑腿办杂事，一到开设香堂的会期，他们最为忙碌，听从当家三爷的支配提调，全码头就靠这些人上下跑跳，十排又称“老幺”，老幺还要分“大老幺”、“小老幺”（大爷、三爷的儿子，又称“风尾老幺”）从一排起到十排止，总称为“一条龙”。在成都，一般码头都称“公”和“社”，社还要分“总社”和“分社”。
各地袍哥都不设“四排”和“七排”，据说其中有一段故事，康熙年间，郑成功派部将陈近南在四川雅州开山立堂时，有四排方良宾背盟叛约，暗向建昌镇告密，镇台马赓庚率兵围捕，陈近南改装逃走。后来又有胡四、李七背弃盟约，密告官府，出卖弟兄，被本山头派人暗中诛杀。他们这种叛卖行为，一直为袍哥所不容，从此便没有人操四排和七排了。
五
哥老会虽是以“讲豪侠、重义气、解放推食、急人之急”相号召，又以旧礼教的“五伦八德”为信条，但是由于封建意识恶性膨胀，一部份人的逐渐变质，结果形成了两种不同的袍哥，即所谓“清水”和“浑水”。
在清水袍哥中，又要分“金带皮”和“下九流”。金带皮的含义是：金代表有钱，皮是面子，即有面子的有钱人，叫金带皮袍哥。他利用自己的权势，能够“一步登天当大爷”。至于那些测字、算命、跑堂、道士、兵卒等被人视为是下贱行业的人，只能被列在“智”、“信”两堂。浑水袍哥的组织和清水袍哥一样，只是称谓上有些不同，清水袍哥的头头称“舵把子”或“社长”，浑水袍哥习惯叫头头为“老摇”（摇舵的），比老摇低一级的叫“边棚老板”、“管事”。普通都称浑水袍哥为“跳滩匠”。
六
袍哥每年有几次会期，最郑重的一次就是农历五月十三的“单刀会”，相传是三国时关云长单刀赴会的日子，这一天，大小码头、公口都要隆重举办盛会，张灯结彩，大排香案，欢宴会众，广纳宾朋，初次参加袍哥的人，必须具备“身家清、已事明”两个条件，才由引进拜兄引入会场，参见恩拜四兄（恩兄、承兄、保举、引进），接受“栽培”，确定“排行”，然后才可以称兄道弟，成了正式的袍哥。原先的袍哥，也要在这次的会上论功行赏，办理“提升”。其他的集会，如正月办“春台酒”，腊月要办“团年会”，还有不定期的“迎宾会”。在会期中，除了互相拜望，大吃大喝，大赌大抽（鸦片）之外，还要借此机会解决仇怨纠纷，由头面人物站出来“捞梁子”。
在成都，袍哥的码头绝大多数是在茶馆里（有些茶馆就是码头开设的）。有的茶馆前正式挂出XX公或XX社的招牌，茶馆为袍哥的活动中心和联络站，经常由红旗大管事坐堂负责。
袍哥还规定有十八条罪行，如不孝父母罪、不敬长上罪、殴打亲属罪、调戏妇女罪等等，犯了以后要受到“剽刀”、“碰钉”、“三刀六个眼”，“自己挖坑自己埋”、“挂黑牌”、“连根拔”和“降级”等等惩处。其他在袍哥的经典《海底》中还规定有“十条”、“十款”、“十要”、“十禁”、“五伦”、“八德”、“九章”，文字通俗，真伪莫辨，实际上所有这些规定条款，在成都地区的袍哥组织中，都很少执行过。
七
关于袍哥组织的经济来源，据范绍增在全国文史资料第84集写的《回忆我在四川袍哥中的组织活动》一文中说：“…钱的来源，主要的有以下几个：一是嗨袍哥时缴的基金或有钱袍哥的投资，二是拜码头、开茶馆的收入，三是大摆赌博、抽头吃利，四是经营烟毒、囤积粮食油脂等不正当收入，五是贩卖枪支弹药武器等。后来还产生一种“保烟帮”专门为到山区购办鸦片烟土的帮伙保镖，安全通过关卡，到达目的地后，收到取百分之二十或三十的保镖费。范绍增所述均系一般来源，各地区袍哥组织情况不同，手段千奇百怪，无法详述。但有的组织或明或暗接受特务机构、军队、政府津贴或挂出军、政某部门招牌，公开收税催捐，中饱私囊，则是显而易见的。
八
成都袍哥大小公口（码头），十几年来在千个以上，除了“孙、吴、丁、张”和“马、袁、江、汤”之外，更为出名的有能通长江一带青红两帮的冷开泰，有名震川南的邓叔才，有北路总关火的马昆山，有倒插鸡翎子的龚谓德，有八方搁平的陈俊珊……这些人的作用和毒气，确也不亚干范绍增、陈兰亭、石肇武之流。
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